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高中的設定，南島味。原稿包括音系、正字法、代詞，已佚。根據記憶重寫。
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data-balloon-pos="down" defaultAuthor="Kinboise" categoryPath="/category/$category/" tagPath="/tag/$tag/" class="reading-time-info"><svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 7.38-13.463v-1.165c0-8.933-7.38-16.312-16.312-16.312H256.33c-8.933 0-16.311 7.38-16.311 16.312v1.165c0 5.825 2.977 10.874 7.637 13.592 4.143 194.44 97.22 354.963 220.201 392.763-122.204 37.542-214.893 196.511-220.2 389.397-4.661 5.049-7.638 11.651-7.638 19.03v5.825h566.49v-5.825c0-7.379-2.849-13.981-7.509-18.9-5.049-193.016-97.867-351.985-220.2-389.527 123.24-37.67 216.446-198.453 220.588-392.892zM531.16 450.445v352.632c117.674 1.553 211.787 40.778 211.787 88.676H304.097c0-48.286 95.149-87.382 213.728-88.676V450.445c-93.077-3.107-167.901-81.297-167.901-177.093 0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.793-15.793 8.803 0 15.794 6.99 15.794 15.793 0 80.261 63.69 145.635 142.01 145.635s142.011-65.374 142.011-145.635c0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.794-15.793s15.793 6.99 15.793 15.793c0 95.019-73.789 172.82-165.96 177.093z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg> <span>大约 3 分钟</span> <meta property="timeRequired" content="PT3M"></span></div> <!----> <hr></div> <div class="anchor-place-holder"><aside id="anchor"><div class="anchor-wrapper"><ul class="anchor-list"><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#一、音系和正字法" class="anchor-link heading2"><div>一、音系和正字法</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#輔音" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>輔音</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#元音" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>元音</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#重音、聲調" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>重音、聲調</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#二、詞法" class="anchor-link heading2"><div>二、詞法</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#代詞" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>代詞</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#名詞" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>名詞</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#動詞" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>動詞</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#四、句法" class="anchor-link heading2"><div>四、句法</div></a></li><li class="anchor"><a href="/fruje/han/cenqili/#語序" class="anchor-link heading3"><div>語序</div></a></li></ul></div></aside></div> <!----> <div class="content__content-top"></div> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="造语小作-成義利語"><a href="#造语小作-成義利語" class="header-anchor">#</a> 造语小作：成義利語</h1> <p>高中的設定，南島味。原稿包括音系、正字法、代詞，已佚。根據記憶重寫。
</p> <h2 id="一、音系和正字法"><a href="#一、音系和正字法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 一、音系和正字法</h2> <p>未標註者正字法同國際音標。高亮的音位鮮少出現在固有詞中。</p> <h3 id="輔音"><a href="#輔音" class="header-anchor">#</a> 輔音</h3> <table><thead><tr><th></th> <th style="text-align:center;">脣</th> <th style="text-align:center;">齒齦</th> <th style="text-align:center;">齦後/硬齶</th> <th style="text-align:center;">軟齶/小舌</th> <th style="text-align:center;">聲門</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><strong>鼻音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;">m</td> <td style="text-align:center;">n</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ɲ⟨nj⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ŋ⟨ng⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td></tr> <tr><td><strong>塞音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;">p b</td> <td style="text-align:center;">t d</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">k* ɡ*</td> <td style="text-align:center;">(ʔ)⟨k/q⟩*</td></tr> <tr><td><strong>塞擦音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">t͡͡s* d͡͡z*</td> <td style="text-align:center;">t͡͡ʃ⟨tc⟩ d͡͡ʒ⟨dg⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td></tr> <tr><td><strong>擦音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><mark>f</mark> <mark>v</mark></td> <td style="text-align:center;">s z</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><mark>ʃ⟨sj⟩</mark> <mark>ʒ⟨zj⟩</mark></td> <td style="text-align:center;">χ⟨ch⟩ ʁ⟨gh⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;">h</td></tr> <tr><td><strong>邊音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">ɬ⟨x⟩ l</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ʎ⟨lj⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td></tr> <tr><td><strong>閃/近音</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">ɾ⟨r⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;">j</td> <td style="text-align:center;">w</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>塞音及塞擦音不送氣。</p> <p>/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/可能是[t͡ʃ~c, d͡ʒ~ɟ, ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ]。</p> <p>加'*'的音位的拼法如下：</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center;"></th> <th style="text-align:center;">k</th> <th style="text-align:center;">ɡ</th> <th style="text-align:center;">t͡s</th> <th style="text-align:center;">d͡z</th> <th style="text-align:center;">ʔ</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;">非⟨i, e, y⟩前</td> <td style="text-align:center;">c</td> <td style="text-align:center;">g</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ts</td> <td style="text-align:center;">dz</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">⟨i, e, y⟩前</td> <td style="text-align:center;">k</td> <td style="text-align:center;">q</td> <td style="text-align:center;">c</td> <td style="text-align:center;">g</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;">輔音前或詞末</td> <td style="text-align:center;">c</td> <td style="text-align:center;">g</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ts</td> <td style="text-align:center;">dz</td> <td style="text-align:center;">k/q(見下)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>此外，/tk, dɡ/總是拼作⟨tk, dq⟩以示與/t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/的區別。</p> <h3 id="元音"><a href="#元音" class="header-anchor">#</a> 元音</h3> <table><thead><tr><th></th> <th style="text-align:center;">前</th> <th style="text-align:center;">次前</th> <th style="text-align:center;">央</th> <th style="text-align:center;">次後</th> <th style="text-align:center;">後</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><strong>閉</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;">i⟨y⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;">ɪ⟨i⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">ʊ⟨o⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;">u⟨u⟩</td></tr> <tr><td><strong>中</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><mark>ɛ⟨è⟩</mark></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">ə⟨e⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><mark>ɔ⟨ò⟩</mark></td></tr> <tr><td><strong>開</strong></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">a⟨a⟩</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/ə/不會出現在重讀音節及其後。</p> <p>/a/在重讀音節後音值爲[ɐ]。有的語言學家將[ɐ]分析爲/ə/而非/a/的變體。</p> <p>⟨è, ò⟩上的抑音符常常省去。</p> <h3 id="重音、聲調"><a href="#重音、聲調" class="header-anchor">#</a> 重音、聲調</h3> <p>成義利語每個單詞有一個重讀音節，正字法中一般不標識，必要時用銳音符⟨ˊ⟩標識。</p> <p>音節可以有兩個聲調：高、低；音節可分爲帶喉塞尾/ʔ/和不帶喉塞尾兩種。帶喉塞尾的音節的聲調有音位性，不帶喉塞尾的音節則沒有。</p> <p>對無帶喉塞尾音節的單詞，重讀音節及以前爲高調，重讀音節以後爲低調。有喉塞尾的音節的聲調則是固定的，不受位置影響；正字法中⟨-k⟩表示高調帶喉塞尾，⟨-q⟩表示低調帶喉塞尾。</p> <p>如今較新的口音中不區別是否重音，僅區別聲調。</p> <hr> <p>以下是一些示例：</p> <table><thead><tr><th>拼寫</th> <th>音位</th> <th>音值</th> <th>詞義</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>secalah</td> <td>/səˈkaləh/</td> <td>[sə́.ˈká.lɐ̀h]</td> <td>歌曲</td></tr> <tr><td>miqtik</td> <td>/ˈmɪ̀ʔtɪʔ/</td> <td>[ˈmɪ̀ʔ.tɪ́ʔ]</td> <td>喫</td></tr> <tr><td>dangsah</td> <td>/ˈdaŋsəh/</td> <td>[ˈdáŋ.sɐ̀h]</td> <td>飯</td></tr> <tr><td>roghu</td> <td>/ɾʊˈʁu/</td> <td>[ɾʊ́ˈʁú]</td> <td>杯子</td></tr> <tr><td>keqros</td> <td>/kə̀ʔˈɾʊs/</td> <td>[kə̀ʔ.ɾʊ́s]</td> <td>氣</td></tr> <tr><td>creacion(crèatsjôn)</td> <td>/kɾɛ.aˈt͡sjɔn/</td> <td>[kɾɛ̀.ʔà.ˈt͡sjɔ́n]~[kɾɪ̀.ʔà.ˈt͡sjɔ́n]</td> <td>創造</td></tr> <tr><td>kybòd</td> <td>/ˈkibɔd/</td> <td>[ˈkí.bɔ̀d]~[ˈkí.bʊ̀t]</td> <td>鍵盤</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="二、詞法"><a href="#二、詞法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 二、詞法</h2> <h3 id="代詞"><a href="#代詞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 代詞</h3> <p>成義利語有助詞型代詞（主要爲固有來源）和名詞型代詞（主要爲借詞）。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>名詞</th> <th>一</th> <th>謙</th> <th>兼</th> <th>二</th> <th>敬</th> <th>三</th> <th>敬</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>單數</td> <td>cawa</td> <td>lepang</td> <td></td> <td>sewy</td> <td>sjuro/asjuro</td> <td>gong</td> <td>duci</td></tr> <tr><td>複數</td> <td>njing/anjing</td> <td>kecol</td> <td>jadak</td> <td>seming</td> <td>asjuro</td> <td>bojak</td> <td>aduci</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><thead><tr><th>助詞</th> <th>一</th> <th>兼</th> <th>二</th> <th>三</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>單數</td> <td>cho</td> <td></td> <td>no</td> <td>gi</td></tr> <tr><td>複數</td> <td>cha</td> <td>do</td> <td>xu</td> <td>lja</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 id="名詞"><a href="#名詞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 名詞</h3> <p>名詞沒有性、格的變化。數通常藉由代詞體現。部分名詞有複數形式，多由音節重疊形成。如：</p> <table><thead><tr><th>單數</th> <th>複數</th> <th>釋義</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>bat</td> <td>bebat</td> <td>天，日</td></tr> <tr><td>agong(&lt;gong)</td> <td>gonggong</td> <td>人</td></tr> <tr><td>pin</td> <td>pimbin</td> <td>門</td></tr> <tr><td>ketiwing</td> <td>tcetiwing(&lt;ketcetiwing)</td> <td>藥</td></tr> <tr><td>peqryc</td> <td>ljoryc</td> <td>山</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 id="動詞"><a href="#動詞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 動詞</h3> <p>動詞沒有變位。</p> <h2 id="四、句法"><a href="#四、句法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 四、句法</h2> <h3 id="語序"><a href="#語序" class="header-anchor">#</a> 語序</h3> <p>成義利語的底層語序是VSO。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>Miqtik</th> <th>cho</th> <th>dangsah.</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>喫</td> <td>1sg</td> <td>飯</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><em>我喫飯。</em></p> <p>但由於只有助詞型代詞可以占據主語S的位置，且採用主題優先語序，因此實際句子呈現SVO。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>Gutaf</th> <th>senjat</th> <th>lja</th> <th>mygih.</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>狗</td> <td>被追</td> <td>3pl</td> <td>貓</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><em>狗（複數）被貓追。</em></p> <p>助詞型代詞可以和名詞重疊。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>Mygih</th> <th>njonjat</th> <th>gi</th> <th>lja</th> <th>gutaf.</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>貓</td> <td>追</td> <td>3sg</td> <td>3pl</td> <td>狗</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><em>貓追狗（複數）。</em></p></div> <!----> <div class="content__content-bottom"></div> <footer class="page-meta"><!----> <!----> <!----></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev"><a href="/fruje/han/" class="prev router-link-active"><svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon prev-icon"><path d="M906.783 588.79c-.02 8.499-6.882 15.36-15.38 15.37l-443.7-.01 75.704 191.682c2.52 6.42.482 13.763-5.038 17.91-5.52 4.168-13.138 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